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Factorii care influenteaza abuzul de stimulante eliberate pe baza de prescriptie medicala

In articolele anterioare am discutat despre problematica abuzului de stimulante supuse controlului strict in general si in cadrul populatiei studentesti in special.

In cele ce urmeaza vom trece in revista cei mai relevanti factori care influenteaza abuzul de stimulante eliberate pe baza de prescriptie medicala.

Studiile stiintifice au identificat cativa factori demografici si psihologici care sunt asociati cu utilizarea abuziva a stimulantelor eliberate pe baza de prescriptie medicala. Desi majoritatea factorilor de risc au fost identificati in cadrul populatiei studentesti, mai multe dintre acestia se aplica si populatiei generale.

De exemplu, pe baza datelor din populatia generala raportate de Novak si colaboratorii sai, abuzul de medicamente stimulante pare sa fie mai raspandita in randul tinerilor adulti cu varsta cuprinsa intre 18 si 25 de ani, decat in ​​randul persoanelor cu varsta cuprinsa intre 26 si 49 de ani. In plus, o serie de studii au raportat rate mai mari de utilizare incorecta in cazul barbatilor decat in cazul femeilor, in timp ce in studiul stiintific realizat de Benson si colaboratorii sai s-a concluzionat ca nu exista diferente semnificative in functie de sex.

In ceea ce priveste factorul rasial, cercetarile indica rate mai mari de utilizare incorecta in randul caucazienilor decat in ​​randul indivizilor din alte medii. In plus, au fost descoperite rate mai mari de abuz in randul membrilor populatiilor de studenti americani si in randul studentiilor cu note mici la examene.

Comportamentul tergiversant si dificultatile legate de gestionarea timpului s-au dovedit a fi legate de utilizarea incorecta a stimulantelor in randul studentilor, in special.

In plus, cercetatorii au raportat rate mai ridicate ale utilizarii abuzive a stimulantelor in randul persoanelor cu istoric de consum de substante si alte comportamente riscante, cum ar fi consumul de alcool si de conducere a autovehiculelor cu viteza mare.

Mai multi factori de risc psihologic s-au dovedit a fi predictivi pentru utilizarea gresita a stimulantelor care se elibereaza pe baza de prescriptie, incluzand neatentia, stresul, impulsivitatea si nelinistea. In cadrul unei meta-analize recente realizata de Benson si colaboratorii sai s-a constatat ca simptomele ADHD au fost asociate in mod semnificativ cu utilizarea abuziva a acestor tipuri de stimulante. De asemenea Novak si colaboratorii au raportat o probabilitate mai mare de utilizare incorecta a stimulantelor in cazul indivizilor carora la un moment dat le-au fost prescrise medicamente stimulante pentru tratamentul ADHD.

Mai mult, Van Eck si colaboratorii, au descoperit ca dezinhibarea si problemele de conduita au moderat asocierea dintre simptomele ADHD si utilizarea incorecta a acestor stimulante in randul studentilor.

In articolele urmatoare vom discuta despre efectele substantelor stimulante asupra memoriei si a functiilor cognitive.

 

Referinte stiintifice:

1.Benson K, Flory K, Humphreys KL, Lee SS. Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2015; 18(1):50–76.

2.DuPaul GJ, Weyandt LL, O’Dell SM, Varejao M. College students with ADHD current status and future directions. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2009; 13(3):234–250.

3.Dussault CL, Weyandt LL. An examination of prescription stimulant misuse and psychological variables among sorority and fraternity college populations. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2013; 17(2):87–97.

4.McCabe SE, Knight JR, Teter CJ, Wechsler H. Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addiction. 2005; 100(1):96–106.

5.Moore DR, Burgard DA, Larson RG, Ferm M. Psychostimulant use among college students during periods of high and low stress: an interdisciplinary approach utilizing both self-report and unobtrusive chemical sample data. Addictive Behaviors. 2014; 39(5):987–993.

6.Novak SP, Kroutil LA, Williams RL, Van Brunt DL. The nonmedical use of prescription ADHD medications: results from a national Internet panel. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 2007; 2:32.

7.Rabiner DL, Anastopoulos AD, Costello EJ, Hoyle RH, McCabe SE, Swartzwelder HS. Motives and perceived consequences of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students are students treating themselves for attention problems? Journal of Attention Disorders. 2009; 13(3):259–270.

8.Sharp JT, Rosén LA. Recreational stimulant use among college students. Journal of Substance use. 2007; 12(2):71–82.

9.Van Eck K, Markle RS, Flory K. Do conduct problems and sensation seeking moderate the association between ADHD and three types of stimulant use in a college population? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2012; 26(4):939–947.

10.Verdi G, Weyandt LL, Zavras BM. Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use in Graduate Students Relationship With Academic Self-Efficacy and Psychological Variables. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2014 1087054714529816.

11.Weyandt LL, Janusis G, Wilson KG, Verdi G, Paquin G, Lopes J, Dussault C. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students: relationship with psychological variables. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2009

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